Prospective randomized trial comparing shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopy for management of distal ureteral calculi

Study population The study population comprised adult patients with a solitary, radiopaque distal ureteral calculus below the bony pelvis, 15mm or less in diameter. Exclusion criteria were multiple ureteral calculi, solitary kidney, renal insufficiency, ipsilateral ureteral stricture, plan for simultaneous treatment of ipsilateral renal or contra lateral renal or ureteral calculi, active urinary tract infection, transplant kidney and uncorrected coagulopathy. In addition, women who were fertile and of childbearing age were also excluded from the study, owing to the risk of damage to the ovaries from SWL.